Methods and systems for auto-marking, watermarking, auditing, reporting, tracing and policy enforcement via e-mail and networking systems

ABSTRACT

A method for tracking the routing of an electronic document, including embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document and monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, for detection of e-mail messages having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier. A system and computer readable storage medium are also described and claimed.

PRIORITY REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims benefit of and hereby incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/420,035, entitled “METHOD AND SYSTEMS FOR MS OFFICE AUTO-MARKING, WATERMARKING, AUDITING, REPORTING, TRACING AND POLICY ENFORCEMENT VIA E-MAIL AND NETWORKING SYSTEM”, filed on Oct. 22, 2002 by inventors Shlomo Touboul and Robert Yusin.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to security of corporate data, and more specifically to tracking of document distribution.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Today, corporate and personal information is transmitted from person to person primarily over computer networks. Typically, information in the form of text and graphics is stored within electronic documents, including inter alia Microsoft Word documents, Adobe PDF documents, HTML documents, XML documents, Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, Microsoft PowerPoint presentations and database files. Such documents are generally transmitted as e-mail attachments using a Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP), as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) downloads, as Hyper-Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) downloads, or as Instant Messenger (IM) downloads.

[0004] A major security concern is control of access to documents that contain sensitive information. Conventional access control uses passwords to protect document files.

[0005] A drawback with prior art access control technology is the lack of ability to trace the distribution route of a document as it travels through computer networks from one or more sources to one or more destinations. Organizations need to track the flow of sensitive documents within the organization, and to track when documents leave the organization and the destinations to which they are sent.

SUMMARY

[0006] Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and system for tracking the routing of an electronic document, and for ensuring that access is limited to authorized recipients. Embodiments of the present invention track the routing path of a document by generating an audit record when the document is transmitted within a network, based on a unique identifier embedded within the document and used to identify the document. Use of an embedded identifier serves to overcome failures to recognize a document due to document editing, or due to modification of document and file metadata, such as file name and document author.

[0007] Preferably, activity is logged in an audit record when a document is transferred to a recipient, and the audit records generated for a specific document provide a detailed description of the distribution route of the document. Audit records can be viewed on a per-document basis, on a per-user basis and on the basis of a specified time period. Preferably, a reporting tool generates routing reports based on audit records, and a notification tool notifies one or more designated administrators of attempts to alter the unique identifiers embedded within documents.

[0008] Using the present invention, an organization can track the routing history and current whereabouts of a document, and determine if the document was distributed to people who do not have authorization to access it. Similarly, an organization can track when a document leaves and re-enters the organization; for example, when a contract was sent to legal counsel for review and when the contract re-entered the organization. Embodiments of the present invention provide auditing reports describing in detail the movements of documents within a corporate e-mail system, as well as exit and entry within the organization.

[0009] Moreover, embodiments of the present invention ensure that for each source-to-destination transmission of the document, the source has requisite authorization to send the document and the destination has requisite authorization to receive the document.

[0010] Embodiments of the present invention are both operating system platform independent and transport protocol independent, and run on diverse platforms without requiring additional third-party software or hardware components.

[0011] There is thus provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a method for tracking the routing of an electronic document, including embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document and monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, for detection of e-mail messages having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier.

[0012] There is further provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a system for tracking the routing of an electronic document, including an auto-marker for embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document, and a traffic monitor for monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, and for detecting e-mail messages having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier.

[0013] There is yet further provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document, and monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, for detection of the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier.

[0014] There is additionally provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a method for tracking the routing of an electronic document, including embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document, and monitoring transmitted network packets, for detection of network packets containing the electronic document, based on the unique identifier.

[0015] There is moreover provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a system for tracking the routing of an electronic document, including an auto-marker for embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document, and a traffic monitor for monitoring transmitted network packets, and for detection of network packets containing the electronic document, based on the unique identifier.

[0016] There is further provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document, and monitoring transmitted network packets, for detection of network packets containing the electronic document, based on the unique identifier.

[0017] There is yet further provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a method for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, including intercepting e-mail messages being transmitted from senders to recipients, scanning the intercepted e-mail messages for detection of a specified electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto, examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the document to a recipient is permitted, if the scanning detects an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto, and causing transmission of the document to the recipient to be blocked, if the examining determines that transmission is not permitted.

[0018] There is additionally provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a system for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, including a traffic monitor for intercepting e-mail messages being transmitted from senders to recipients, a scanner for scanning the intercepted e-mail messages, and for detecting a specified electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto, a policy manager for examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the document to a recipient of an e-mail message is permitted, and a policy enforcer for causing transmission of the document to the recipient to be blocked.

[0019] There is moreover provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of intercepting e-mail messages being transmitted from senders to recipients, scanning the intercepted e-mail messages for detection of a specified electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto, examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the document to a recipient is permitted, if the scanning detects an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto, and causing transmission of the document to the recipient to be blocked, if the examining determines that transmission is not permitted.

[0020] There is further provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a method for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, including intercepting network packets transmitted over a computer network, scanning the intercepted network packets for detection of network packets containing a specified electronic document, examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the specified electronic document is permitted, if the scanning detects a network packet containing the specified electronic document, and causing transmission of the document to be blocked, if the examining determines that transmission is not permitted.

[0021] There is yet further provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a system for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, including a traffic monitor for intercepting network packets transmitted over a computer network, a scanner for scanning the intercepted network packets and for detecting network packets containing a specified electronic document, a policy manager for examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the specified electronic document is permitted, and a policy enforcer for causing transmission of the document to be blocked.

[0022] There is additionally provided in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of intercepting network packets transmitted over a computer network, scanning the intercepted network packets for detection of network packets containing a specified electronic document, examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the specified electronic document is permitted, if the scanning detects a network packet containing the specified electronic document, and causing transmission of the document to be blocked, if the examining determines that transmission is not permitted.

[0023] The following definitions are employed throughout the specification and claims.

[0024] Audit record—a record of a transaction, preferably including inter alia at least one recipient, a date and time, and, if appropriate, a sender.

[0025] Document, or electronic document—information in electronic form.

[0026] File, or document file—an electronic file storing a document and also storing document metadata, including inter alia document type, authoring application, title, subject, author and creation date.

[0027] Policy, or policy record—a record that defines permissions and access control for transfer of a document.

[0028] Transaction—a network traffic event or an e-mail event, whereby a designated document is sent from a source to a destination, or received by a destination from a source.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:

[0030]FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a document route tracking system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031]FIG. 2 is a simplified flowchart for a document route tracking method, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0032]FIG. 3 is a simplified tree illustration for a distribution route for a document, recorded in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0033] Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and system for tracking the routing of an electronic document, and for ensuring that access to the document is limited to authorized recipients. Using the present invention an organization can track the flow of sensitive documents within the organization, and also track when documents leave the organization and the destinations to which they are sent.

[0034] Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which is a simplified block diagram of a document route tracking system 100, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, the present invention includes two primary modules: (i) a network/proxy/e-mail relay or plug-in, referred to as a “NERP Module” 110; and (ii) an auto-marking/auditing/reporting/tracing/access control engine, referred to as an “Engine Module” 120. NERP Module 110 monitors content of network packets and e-mail messages that contain attachments or embedded documents, and includes both an internal traffic monitor 113 for files transferred to clients 130 internally within an organization, and an external traffic monitor 117 for files transferred externally into or out of an organization. NERP Module 110 is preferably configured (i) as a network proxy; (ii) as a network plug-in to a network proxy, such as Microsoft ISA; (iii) as a plug-in to a firewall, such as a Checkpoint firewall; (iv) as a mail relay; or (v) as a plug-in to an e-mail server, such as Microsoft Exchange Server, Lotus Notes Server and Linux Send Mail Server.

[0035] Engine Module 120 preferably scans content intercepted by the NERP module, and implements the functions of auto-marking, auditing, reporting, tracing and access control. In an embodiment of the present invention, Engine Module 120 includes five sub-modules, as follows:

[0036] a Decomposition Module 140;

[0037] an Auto-Marking Module 150;

[0038] a Mark Scanner Module 160;

[0039] a Logging, Tracing and Reporting Module 170; and

[0040] an Access Policy Management and Enforcement Module 180.

[0041] Decomposition Module 140 includes a type detector 145, which identifies the type of a file being transmitted. Preferably, types include inter alia Microsoft Word document, Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, Microsoft PowerPoint presentation, Adobe PDF document, HTML document and XML document.

[0042] It may be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the file wrapper for an electronic document may be a misleading indicator for the type of the document. File metadata such as file name, file size and MIME type, and document metadata such as title, subject and author, can be arbitrarily modified. An important feature of an embodiment of the present invention is that type identification is not based on file and document metadata, which can be misleading. Instead, type identification preferably involves analyzing binary contents of the file, and parsing the file into its basic constructs including inter alia, for example, Microsoft Office version number, Microsoft Office authoring application, document encryption properties, content text, description text, graphic and other embedded objects, and properties description.

[0043] In an embodiment of the present invention, Auto-Marking Module 150 generates a unique identifier for a document, and includes a mark embedder 155, which embeds a control mark including the identifier within the file. The control mark also includes data, such as an encrypted check sum, for self-authentication and self-validation. Whenever the document is intercepted by NERP module 110 in transit, Mark Scanner Module 160 checks the control mark to ensure that it is intact and has not been tampered with.

[0044] Many documents include a summary information section which can store custom properties that remain static, regardless of how the document is edited by a document editor. In an embodiment of the present invention, such a custom property is used to store the unique identifiers for documents, and the identifiers are used as a key ID within a relational database table that stores records that track flows of the documents. Microsoft Office documents, for example, use structured storage to include static properties within Word documents, Excel spreadsheets and PowerPoint presentations. Such properties are typically located within a summary information storage.

[0045] Many documents are tagged with unique static identifiers at the time of their creation, in which case an embodiment of the present invention uses such identifiers, or identifiers derived therefrom by a hashing algorithm or another algorithm, as key IDs for the documents.

[0046] Mark Scanner Module 160 is able to screen and modify intercepted content, including inter alia e-mail messages and network packets that contain attachments or embedded documents. Mark Scanner Module 160 preferably extracts the control mark embedded within a document and verifies it for authentication and validity. In some packet-based embodiments, the Mark Scanner Module 160 may assemble the packets to review the entire document content, since individual packet content may be insufficient to do any type of meaningful review. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that other packet-based scanning techniques may also be possible. If Mark Scanner Module 160 detects that the control mark of a file has been tampered with, it issues a notification via Logging, Tracing and Reporting Module 170.

[0047] In an embodiment of the present invention, Mark Scanner Module 160 is installed for an e-mail or other network system. Mark Scanner Module 160 is implemented (i) as a plug-in to an e-mail system, such as Microsoft Exchange, IBM Lotus Notes, and Linux Send Mail; (ii) as a plug-in to a network gateway, such as Checkpoint Firewall-1, Microsoft Proxy, Microsoft ISA Server, caching devices, and an FTP proxy server; or (iii) as its own gateway for e-mail and other network traffic.

[0048] Logging, Tracing and Reporting Module 170 includes an Auditor 172, a Tracer 174, a Reporter 176 and a Notifier 178, respectively for auditing, tracing and reporting transactions involving an electronic document, and for notifying one or more specified people of attempted security violations. As mentioned hereinabove, a “transaction” is a network traffic event or an e-mail event, whereby a designated document is sent from a source to a destination, or received by a destination from a source. Preferably, whenever a designated document is transferred, the corresponding transaction is logged. For example, Auditor 172 may audit a transaction whereby an e-mail message sent from a sender to one or more recipients includes an embedded Word document, or includes an attachment with a PowerPoint presentation.

[0049] Preferably, Auditor 172 records inter alia one or more of: (i) the date and time of the transaction; (ii) the sender, if appropriate; (iii) all recipient lists, including TO, CC and BCC; (iv) the message content; (v) the document control mark; (vi) the document file “last saved as” name; and (vii) the document file metadata, such as creation date, document author name and statistics. In an embodiment of the present invention, auditing reports are created by default for incoming and outgoing attachments, and for Microsoft Office Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents. In addition, a user can set configuration parameters for document auditing, including inter alia message direction [incoming, outgoing or both], and document type [Word, Excel, HTML, PDF, PowerPoint, XML or a combination thereof].

[0050] Audit records generated by Auditor 172 provide the basic information necessary to track the distribution route of a document. Tracer 174 traces the route of one or more designated documents, based on their unique identifiers. It is noted that the present invention is able to audit, trace and log transactions involving a designated document, even if the document file's metadata are changed en route, by virtue of the embedded identifier.

[0051] Reporter 176 preferably generates a global organization report for transactions associated with designated documents, and provides visualization tools for viewing statistics regarding transactions, policy violation attempts (described hereinbelow), and attempts to modify control marks. Preferably, an administrator can configure Reporter 176 to (i) generate reports for one or more designated documents; (ii) generate reports on an individual user basis or on the basis of a group of users; (iii) generate reports for a specified time frame; and (iv) save reports in a specified format, such as HTML or CSV.

[0052] Notifier 178 sends important notifications, such as notifications about attempts to breach control policies as detected by Policy Management and Enforcement Module 180, to one or more designated people.

[0053] In an embodiment of the present invention, Auditor 172 is used to provide audit viewing capability for a designated document. Specifically, an audit viewer tool enables an administrator to view routing data for a designated document, and a list of audit records related to the document.

[0054] Policy Management and Enforcement Module 180 includes a Policy Manager 183 that generates access control policies, and a Policy Enforcer 187 that enforces control policies. As mentioned hereinabove, a “policy” is a record that defines permissions and access control for document transfer. For example, a policy may indicate that sending an e-mail message that includes an attachment or embedded Word document CONFIDENTIAL.DOC to one or more specific recipients is not permitted. Preferably, based on such a policy, if CONFIDENTIAL.DOC is included within a message being sent to the one or more specific recipients, Policy Enforcer 187 blocks the message from being delivered. Instead of delivering the message, Logging, Tracking and Reporting Module 170 registers a log event indicating an attempt to violate the control policy, and Notifier 178 sends an appropriate notification to a system administrator, or to the sender of the blocked message, or to one or more designated people.

[0055] Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a simplified flowchart of a document route tracking method, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At step 205 an e-mail message or network packet is intercepted. At step 210 an embedded or attached document file within the intercepted data is identified. At step 215 a control mark is extracted from the document. At step 220 a determination is made whether or not the control mark is intact, or has been tampered with. If the control mark has been tampered with, then at step 225 the e-mail message or network packet is blocked from being transmitted, and at step 230 the event is logged, a notification is sent to one or more specified people, and control returns to step 205.

[0056] Otherwise, if it is determined at step 220 that the control mark is intact, then at step 235 an access policy for the document is examined, and at step 240 a determination is made whether or not transmission of the document from its sender to its recipient(s) is permitted. If not, then at step 225 the e-mail message or network packet is blocked from being transmitted, and at step 230 the event is logged, a notification is sent to one or more specified people, and control returns to step 205.

[0057] Otherwise, if it is determined at step 240 that transmission of the document is permitted, then at step 245 an audit record is generated and transmission of the e-mail message or network packet is allowed to proceed, after which control returns to step 205.

[0058] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a simplified tree illustration for a distribution route for a document, recorded in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, a document is transmitted from user A to users B, C and D within an e-mail message. Accordingly, the present invention identifies the document within the e-mail message by the unique identifier embedded therewithin, and records the transmission in an audit record #1. Audit record #1 preferably includes inter alia the following data:

[0059] AUDIT RECORD

[0060] TRANSACTION ID: 001

[0061] DOCUMENT ID: 001

[0062] SENDER: A

[0063] RECIPIENTS: B, C, D

[0064] DATE: JAN. 1, 2001

[0065] TIME: 6:30 AM

[0066] Subsequently, the document is further transmitted from user B to users E and F within another e-mail message, and the transmission is recorded in an audit record #2. Audit record #2 preferably includes inter alia the following data:

[0067] AUDIT RECORD

[0068] TRANSACTION ID: 002

[0069] DOCUMENT ID: 001

[0070] SENDER: B

[0071] RECIPIENTS: E, F

[0072] DATE: JAN. 2, 2001

[0073] TIME: 7:30 AM

[0074] Subsequently the document is transmitted from user C to user D within another e-mail message, and the transmission is recorded in an audit record #3. Audit record #3 preferably includes inter alia the following data:

[0075] AUDIT RECORD

[0076] TRANSACTION ID: 003

[0077] DOCUMENT ID: 001

[0078] SENDER: C

[0079] RECIPIENTS: G

[0080] DATE: JAN. 3, 2001

[0081] TIME: 8:30 AM

[0082] Taken together, audit records #1, #2 and #3 describe the entire document distribution route illustrated by the tree in FIG. 3.

[0083] In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to the specific exemplary embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for tracking the routing of an electronic document, comprising: embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document; and monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, for detection of e-mail messages having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic document is a Microsoft Word document.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic document is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic documents is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic document is an Adobe PDF document.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic document is an HTML document.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the electronic document is an XML document.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising logging a recipient of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, in an audit record, when said monitoring detects the e-mail message.
 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising logging a sender of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, in an audit record, when said monitoring detects the e-mail message.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising logging a date and time of transmission of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, in an audit record, when said monitoring detects the e-mail message.
 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising generating a tracking report from audit records, corresponding to at least one specified document.
 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising generating a tracking report from audit records, corresponding to at least one specified user.
 13. The method of claim 10 further comprising generating a tracking report from the audit records, corresponding to a specified time period.
 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising logging the most recent file name of a file storing the electronic document, in an audit record, when said monitoring detects an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein said monitoring comprises authenticating the unique identifier.
 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising issuing a notification if said authenticating fails to authenticate the unique identifier.
 17. The method of claim 1 further comprising: examining an access control policy to determine whether or not permission is granted to transmit the electronic document to a recipient of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto; and causing transmission of the e-mail message to the recipient to be blocked, if said examining determines that permission is not granted.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising issuing a notification about said causing to be blocked.
 19. A system for tracking the routing of an electronic document, comprising: an auto-marker for embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document; and a traffic monitor for monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, and for detecting e-mail messages having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier.
 20. The system of claim 19 wherein the electronic document is a Microsoft Word document.
 21. The system of claim 19 wherein the electronic document is a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
 22. The system of claim 19 wherein the electronic document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation.
 23. The system of claim 19 wherein the electronic document is an Adobe PDF document.
 24. The system of claim 19 wherein the electronic document is an HTML document.
 25. The system of claim 19 wherein the electronic document is an XML document.
 26. The system of claim 19 further comprising an auditor for logging a recipient of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, in an audit record, when said traffic monitor detects the e-mail message.
 27. The system of claim 26 further comprising an auditor for logging a sender of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, in an audit record, when said traffic monitor detects the e-mail message.
 28. The system of claim 27 further comprising an auditor for logging a date and time of transmission of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, in an audit record, when said traffic monitor detects the e-mail message
 29. The system of claim 28 further comprising a reporter for generating a tracking report from audit records, corresponding to at least one specified document.
 30. The system of claim 28 further comprising a reporter for generating a tracking report from audit records, corresponding to at least one specified user.
 31. The system of claim 28 further comprising a reporter for generating a tracking report from audit records, corresponding to a specified time period.
 32. The system of claim 19 further comprising an auditor for logging the most recent file name of a file storing the electronic document, in an audit record, when said traffic monitor detects an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto.
 33. The system of claim 19 further comprising a scanner for authenticating the unique identifier.
 34. The system of claim 33 further comprising a notifier for issuing a notification if said authenticating fails to authenticate the unique identifier.
 35. The system of claim 19 further comprising: a policy manager for examining an access control policy to determine whether or not permission is granted to transmit the electronic document to a recipient of an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto; and a policy enforcer for causing transmission of the e-mail message to the recipient to be blocked, if said policy manager determines that permission is not granted.
 36. The system of claim 35 further comprising a notifier for issuing a notification about said policy enforcer causing transmission of the e-mail message to be blocked.
 37. A computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of: embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document; and monitoring e-mail messages transmitted from senders to recipients, for detection of the electronic document embedded therewithin or attached thereto, based on the unique identifier.
 38. A method for tracking the routing of an electronic document, comprising: embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document; and monitoring transmitted network packets, for detection of network packets containing the electronic document, based on the unique identifier.
 39. The method of claim 38 further comprising logging an audit record of the transmission, when a network packet containing the electronic document is detected by said monitoring.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein said logging includes logging a date and time of the transmission in the audit record.
 41. The method of claim 39 wherein said logging includes logging a destination of the transmission in the audit record.
 42. The method of claim 38 wherein said monitoring monitors networks packets transmitted internally within an organization network.
 43. The method of claim 38 wherein said monitoring monitors networks packets transmitted from within an organization network to outside of the organization network.
 44. The method of claim 38 wherein said monitoring monitors networks packets transmitted to an organization network from outside of the organization network.
 45. The method of claim 38 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an FTP download.
 46. The method of claim 38 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an HTTP download.
 47. The method of claim 38 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an Instant Messenger download.
 48. A system for tracking the routing of an electronic document, comprising: an auto-marker for embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document; and a traffic monitor for monitoring transmitted network packets, and for detection of network packets containing the electronic document, based on the unique identifier.
 49. The system of claim 48 further comprising an auditor for logging an audit record of the transmission when a network packet containing the electronic document is detected by said traffic monitor.
 50. The system of claim 49 wherein said auditor logs a date and time of the transmission in the audit record.
 51. The system of claim 49 wherein said auditor logs a destination of the transmission in the audit record.
 52. The system of claim 48 wherein said traffic monitor monitors networks packets transmitted internally within an organization network.
 53. The system of claim 48 wherein said traffic monitor monitors networks packets transmitted from within an organization network to outside of the organization network.
 54. The system of claim 48 wherein said traffic monitor monitors networks packets transmitted to an organization network from outside of the organization network.
 55. The system of claim 48 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an FTP download.
 56. The system of claim 48 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an HTTP download.
 57. The system of claim 48 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an Instant Messenger download.
 58. A computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of: embedding a unique identifier within an electronic document; and monitoring transmitted network packets, for detection of network packets containing the electronic document, based on the unique identifier.
 59. A method for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, comprising: intercepting e-mail messages being transmitted from senders to recipients; scanning the intercepted e-mail messages for detection of a specified electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto; examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the document to a recipient is permitted, if said scanning detects an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto; and causing transmission of the document to the recipient to be blocked, if said examining determines that transmission is not permitted.
 60. The method of claim 59 wherein said scanning detects the electronic document based on a unique identifier embedded therewithin.
 61. The method of claim 59 wherein the policy indicates recipients permitted to access the electronic document.
 62. The method of claim 59 wherein the policy indicates recipients not permitted to access the electronic document.
 63. The method of claim 59 wherein the policy indicates senders permitted to send the electronic document.
 64. The method of claim 59 wherein the policy indicates senders not permitted to send the electronic document.
 65. The method of claim 59 further comprising issuing a notification, if said examining determines that transmission is not permitted.
 66. The method of claim 59 further comprising generating an audit record to record transmission of the electronic document via an e-mail message, if said examining determines that transmission is permitted.
 67. A system for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, comprising: a traffic monitor for intercepting e-mail messages being transmitted from senders to recipients; a scanner for scanning the intercepted e-mail messages, and for detecting a specified electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto; a policy manager for examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the document to a recipient of an e-mail message is permitted; and a policy enforcer for causing transmission of the document to the recipient to be blocked.
 68. The system of claim 67 wherein said scanner detects the electronic document based on a unique identifier embedded therewithin.
 69. The system of claim 67 wherein the policy indicates recipients permitted to access the electronic document.
 70. The system of claim 67 wherein the policy indicates recipients not permitted to access the electronic document.
 71. The system of claim 67 wherein the policy indicates senders permitted to send the electronic document.
 72. The system of claim 67 wherein the policy indicates senders not permitted to send the electronic document.
 73. The system of claim 67 further comprising a notifier for issuing a notification, if said examining determines that transmission is not permitted.
 74. The system of claim 67 further comprising an auditor for generating an audit record, to record transmission of the electronic document via an e-mail message, if said policy manager determines that transmission is permitted.
 75. A computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of: intercepting e-mail messages being transmitted from senders to recipients; scanning the intercepted e-mail messages for detection of a specified electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto; examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the document to a recipient is permitted, if said scanning detects an e-mail message having the electronic document embedded therein or attached thereto; and causing transmission of the document to the recipient to be blocked, if said examining determines that transmission is not permitted.
 76. A method for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, comprising: intercepting network packets transmitted over a computer network; scanning the intercepted network packets for detection of network packets containing a specified electronic document; examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the specified electronic document is permitted, if said scanning detects a network packet containing the specified electronic document; and causing transmission of the document to be blocked, if said examining determines that transmission is not permitted.
 77. The method of claim 76 wherein said scanning detects the specified electronic document based on a unique identifier embedded therewithin.
 78. The method of claim 76 wherein the policy indicates recipients permitted to access the specified electronic document.
 79. The method of claim 76 wherein the policy indicates recipients not permitted to access the specified electronic document.
 80. The method of claim 76 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an FTP download.
 81. The method of claim 76 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an HTTP download.
 82. The method of claim 76 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an Instant Messenger download.
 83. A system for controlling distribution of an electronic document within computer networks, comprising: a traffic monitor for intercepting network packets transmitted over a computer network; a scanner for scanning the intercepted network packets and for detecting network packets containing a specified electronic document; a policy manager for examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the specified electronic document is permitted; and a policy enforcer for causing transmission of the document to be blocked.
 84. The system of claim 83 wherein said scanner detects the specified electronic document based on a unique identifier embedded therewithin.
 85. The system of claim 83 wherein the policy indicates recipients permitted to access the specified electronic document.
 86. The system of claim 83 wherein the policy indicates recipients not permitted to access the specified electronic document.
 87. The system of claim 83 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an FTP download.
 88. The system of claim 83 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an HTTP download.
 89. The system of claim 83 wherein the network packets are transmitted in response to an Instant Messenger download.
 90. A computer-readable storage medium storing program code for causing a computer to perform the steps of: intercepting network packets transmitted over a computer network; scanning the intercepted network packets for detection of network packets containing a specified electronic document; examining a policy to determine whether or not transmission of the specified electronic document is permitted, if said scanning detects a network packet containing the specified electronic document; and causing transmission of the document to be blocked, if said examining determines that transmission is not permitted. 